Форум
After intravenous administration of the drug in doses of 1.2 and 0.6 g, the average values of the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of amoxicillin are 105.4 and 32.2 μg / ml, clavulanic acid - 28.5 and 10.5 μg / ml, respectively. Both components are characterized by a good volume of distribution in body fluids and tissues (lungs, middle ear, pleural and peritoneal fluids, uterus, ovaries). Amoxicillin also penetrates the synovial fluid, liver, prostate gland, palatine tonsils, muscle tissue, gall bladder, secretion of the sinuses, bronchial secretion. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid do not cross the blood-brain barrier in uninflamed meninges.
Active substances cross the placental barrier and, in trace concentrations, are excreted in breast milk..
Binding to plasma proteins for amoxicillin is 17-20%, for clavulanic acid - 22-30%.
Both components in the liver are metabolized. Amoxicillin is partially metabolized - 10% of the administered dose, clavulanic acid is extensively metabolized - 50% of the administered dose.
After intravenous administration of the drug amoxicillin + clavulanic acid in doses of 1.2 and 0.6 g, the half-life (T1 / 2) for amoxicillin is 0.9 and 1.07 h, for clavulanic acid 0.9 and 1.12 h .
Amoxicillin is excreted by the kidneys (50-78% of the administered dose) almost unchanged by tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Clavulanic acid is excreted by the kidneys by glomerular filtration unchanged, partially in the form of metabolites (25-40% of the administered dose) within 6 hours after taking the drug.
Small amounts can be excreted through the intestines and lungs..
The drug is a combination of semisynthetic penicillin amoxicillin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor - clavulanic acid (generic augmentin 875 mg 125 mg). It acts bactericidal, inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial wall.
Active against:
Clavulanic acid suppresses type II, III, IV and V types of beta-lactamases, inactive against type I beta-lactamases produced by Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia spp., Acinetobacter spp. Clavulanic acid has a high tropism for penicillinases, due to which it forms a stable complex with the enzyme, which prevents the enzymatic degradation of amoxicillin under the influence of beta-lactamases.
Anatomical features of the urethra
In men, the length of the urethra is on average 20-23 cm. Conventionally, it is divided into the back, combining the membranous and prostatic sections of the channel, and the cavernous, which is called the anterior urethra. Topography is important for choosing medical tactics: for inflammation of the anterior or posterior urethra, different approaches to the treatment of urethritis are used. Anterior urethritis in 90-95% of cases is complicated by prostatitis, posterior urethritis with inflammation of the bladder with an ascending infection, frequent urination.
The male urethra is distinguished by physiological local extensions and narrowings of its lumen. The wide part (scaphoid fossa) has a length of up to several centimeters and ends with an external opening, a narrow area falls on the posterior urethra. Several depressions in the mucosa are formed by the exits of the urethral glands. The walls of the urethra outside urination are always closed, the external opening is covered with folds of the skin of the head of the penis.
structure of the female (left) and male (right) urethra
In women, the urethra is short, only 1.5-3 cm, and wider than the male one and a half times. The external opening is covered by the labia minora, inflammation from the urethra easily passes to the vagina and further to the cervix. Urethritis is often combined with inflammation of the bladder - cystitis, complicated by an ascending infection of the ureters and renal pelvis. In chronic urethritis, urinary incontinence may develop..
Active substances cross the placental barrier and, in trace concentrations, are excreted in breast milk..
Binding to plasma proteins for amoxicillin is 17-20%, for clavulanic acid - 22-30%.
Both components in the liver are metabolized. Amoxicillin is partially metabolized - 10% of the administered dose, clavulanic acid is extensively metabolized - 50% of the administered dose.
After intravenous administration of the drug amoxicillin + clavulanic acid in doses of 1.2 and 0.6 g, the half-life (T1 / 2) for amoxicillin is 0.9 and 1.07 h, for clavulanic acid 0.9 and 1.12 h .
Amoxicillin is excreted by the kidneys (50-78% of the administered dose) almost unchanged by tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Clavulanic acid is excreted by the kidneys by glomerular filtration unchanged, partially in the form of metabolites (25-40% of the administered dose) within 6 hours after taking the drug.
Small amounts can be excreted through the intestines and lungs..
The drug is a combination of semisynthetic penicillin amoxicillin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor - clavulanic acid (generic augmentin 875 mg 125 mg). It acts bactericidal, inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial wall.
Active against:
- aerobic gram-positive bacteria (including beta-lactamase producing strains): Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Listeria monocyt;
anaerobic gram-positive bacteria: Clostridium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp .;
aerobic gram-negative bacteria (including strains producing beta-lactamases): Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Bordetella pertussis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Gardnerella vaginaliserissenissa neerisseris neisseris neisserisseneris neisserinis neisserisseneris neissa gonisseris neissa catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Yersinia multocida (formerly Pasteurella), Campylobacter jejuni;
anaerobic gram-negative bacteria (including strains producing beta-lactamases): Bacteroides spp., including Bacteroides fragilis.
Clavulanic acid suppresses type II, III, IV and V types of beta-lactamases, inactive against type I beta-lactamases produced by Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia spp., Acinetobacter spp. Clavulanic acid has a high tropism for penicillinases, due to which it forms a stable complex with the enzyme, which prevents the enzymatic degradation of amoxicillin under the influence of beta-lactamases.
Anatomical features of the urethra
In men, the length of the urethra is on average 20-23 cm. Conventionally, it is divided into the back, combining the membranous and prostatic sections of the channel, and the cavernous, which is called the anterior urethra. Topography is important for choosing medical tactics: for inflammation of the anterior or posterior urethra, different approaches to the treatment of urethritis are used. Anterior urethritis in 90-95% of cases is complicated by prostatitis, posterior urethritis with inflammation of the bladder with an ascending infection, frequent urination.
The male urethra is distinguished by physiological local extensions and narrowings of its lumen. The wide part (scaphoid fossa) has a length of up to several centimeters and ends with an external opening, a narrow area falls on the posterior urethra. Several depressions in the mucosa are formed by the exits of the urethral glands. The walls of the urethra outside urination are always closed, the external opening is covered with folds of the skin of the head of the penis.
structure of the female (left) and male (right) urethra
In women, the urethra is short, only 1.5-3 cm, and wider than the male one and a half times. The external opening is covered by the labia minora, inflammation from the urethra easily passes to the vagina and further to the cervix. Urethritis is often combined with inflammation of the bladder - cystitis, complicated by an ascending infection of the ureters and renal pelvis. In chronic urethritis, urinary incontinence may develop..
